HI Markus,
This is how we learn😉
If you disable Overwrite, Blender will not Render the Image Sequence, if it's already Rendered in the Output Folder, so you won't lose anything.
You'll have to pay attention when Rendering and it's a good idea to keep an eye on the first few Frames, to see if everything goes as planned.
Blender does exactly what you tell it to do, so you'll have to be careful with what you ask.
There might be Addons that do what you want, but I don't know if and which.
Yeah stuff like this happens a lot, not only when rendering, but in like every stage of the pipeline and no matter the 3D package, it's just that these software's are so huge and have so many functionalities, it's hard to keep safeguards everywhere, so it's most of the time on us to be mindful of things. As Martin said, we learn the hard way.